Sources

Information and media are provided by:

NatureServe

NatureServe. 2026. NatureServe Explorer [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available https://explorer.natureserve.org.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

IUCN. 2026. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2025-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.

iNaturalist

iNaturalist. Available from https://www.inaturalist.org. Accessed 2026.

Botanic Gardens Conservation International

BGCI. 2026. PlantSearch. Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Richmond, U.K. Available at https://plantsearch.bgci.org.

The following sources were consulted for distributions and nomenclature verification:

• GBIF.org. (n.d.). https://www.gbif.org/
• NatureServe Explorer. (n.d.). NatureServe. https://explorer.natureserve.org
• Plants of the World Online. (n.d.). Plants of the world online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/

Sources for state and province alpine lists:

Alaska 

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine.

Alberta

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine. 

Arizona

Fowler et al. (2014). Vascular plant flora of the alpine zone in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. November 2014. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 8(2):611-636.

SEINet: San Francisco Peaks, AZ above 3500 m. Accessed: September 6, 2023.

British Columbia

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine. 

Marr, Kendrick. Alpine plants of British Columbia. Unpublished list. Accessed: May 14, 2024.

California

Lavin, M., & Wojciechowski, M. F. (2002, June). Vascular flora of the Sweetwater Mountains of California and Nevada. California Native Plant Society, Bristlecone Chapter. https://bristleconecnps.org/native_plants/checklists/SweetwatersChecklistJun2002.pdf 

Rundel, P.W., Gibson, A.C., & Sharifi, M.R. (2008). The alpine flora of the White Mountains, California. Madroño, 55(3), 202-215, (1 July 2008). https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-55.3.202

Rundel, P. W. (2011). The diversity and biogeography of the alpine flora of the Sierra Nevada, California. Madroño, 58(3), 153–184. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26476397

SEINet: Klamath Mountain above 2400 m; both vouchers and observations. Accessed: February 2023.

SEINet: Lassen Volcanic National Park alpine plant list. Elevation: 2400-4500m. Accessed: February 22, 2023.

SEINet: Mt. Eddy above 2400 m; both vouchers and observations. Accessed: February 2023.

SEINet: Mt. Shasta above 2400 m; both vouchers and observations. Accessed: February 2023.

SEINet: Trinity Alps above 2400 m; both vouchers and observations. Accessed: February 2023.

Working checklist of the vascular flora of the White Mountains, California and Nevada, updated 8 July 2022. July 2022 DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.30206.87361 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361865214_Working_checklist_of_the_vascular_flora_of_the_White_Mountains_California_and_Nevada_updated_8_July_2022

Colorado

Ackerfield, Jennifer. Database. Accessed October, 2023.

Ackerfield, Jennifer. (2022). Flora of Colorado. 2nd ed. BRIT Press. 

Fowler et al. (2014). Vascular plant flora of the alpine zone in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. November 2014. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 8(2):611-636.

Kintgen, Mike. Curator of Alpine Collections, Denver Botanic Gardens. Personal communication. 2025.

Hawaii

Gustafson, Robert J., Derral R. Herbst, and Phillip W. Rundel. (2014). Hawaiian Plant Life: Vegetation and Flora. University of Hawai’i Press.

Kintgen, Mike. Curator of Alpine Collections, Denver Botanic Gardens. Personal communication. 2025.

Vogl, Richard J. and James Henrickson. (1971). “Vegetation of an Alpine Bog on East Maui, Hawaii. Pacific Science. 2(25). https://www.academia.edu/52657214/Vegetation_of_an_Alpine_Bog_on_East_Maui_Hawaii

Wagner, Warren L., Derral R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. (1990). Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawai’i. Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press.

Idaho

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine. 

Mancuso, Michael. (March 2024). Idaho Peaks Project – 2023 Progress Report. 

SEINet: Albion Mountains, ID above 3000 m. Accessed: September 4, 2023.

SEINet: Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness, ID above 2500 m. Accessed: September 6, 2023.

SEINet: Lemhi Range, ID above 2800 m. Accessed: September 6, 2023.

SEINet: Lost River Range, ID above 2800 m. Accessed: September 6, 2023.

SEINet: Pioneer Mountains, ID above 2895 m. Accessed: September 6, 2023. 

SEINet: Salmon River Range including Sheep Mountain, ID above 2895 m. Accessed: September 6, 2023.

SEINet: Sawtooth Range, ID above 2700 m. Accessed: September 4, 2023. 

SEINet: White Cloud Peaks, ID above 2800 m. Accessed: September 6, 2023.

Labrador

Annotated List of NL plants by Susan Meades/Synthesized by Todd Boland. Accessed: 2023.

Maine

Alpine Ecosystem: Natural Communities Associated with Alpine Ecosystem. (2021). Maine Department of Agriculture. https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mnap/features/eco_alpine.htm. Accessed January 30, 2025. 

Maine Natural Areas Program. (n.d.). Salix arctophila. https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mnap/features/salixarc.htm. Accessed: January 30, 2025.

Peters, Matthew. (2023). Alpine Plant Species of New England, USA. Unpublished database. Accessed December 22, 2023.

Peters, Matthew. Consulting Ecologist and Botanist. Personal Communication. 2024, May 22.

Slack, Nancy G. and Allison W. Bell. (2014). Field Guide to the New England Alpine Summits: Mountaintop Flora And Fauna In Maine, New Hampshire, And Vermont. Appalachian Mountain Club Books.

Urban, A. J., Mittelhauser, G. H., Dickinson, M., & Rajakaruna, N. (2017). The Alpine Vascular Plants of Baxter State Park, Maine, USA. Rhodora, 119(978), 110-131.

Montana

Cooper, Stephen V.; Lesica, Peter; Page-Dumroese, Deborah. 1997. Plant community classification for alpine vegetation on the Beaverhead National Forest, Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-362. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 61 p.

Lesica, Peter. (2024). Alpine Plant Species of Montana. Unpublished list. Accessed February 9, 2024.

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine. (IN PROGRESS)

SEINet: Anaconda Range, MT above 2500 m. Accessed: September 1, 2023.

SEINet: Beaverhead Mountains, MT above 2800 m. Accessed: August 31, 2023.

SEINet: Bitterroot Mountains, MT above 2400 m. Accessed: September 4, 2023.

SEINet: Black Butte Gravely Range, MT above 3048 m. Accessed: August 31, 2023.

SEINet: Cabinet Mountains, MT above 1800 m. Accessed: September 2023.

SEINet: Crazy Mountains, MT above 2800 m. Accessed: August 31, 2023.

SEINet: Flathead Range, MT above 2400 m. Accessed: September 4, 2023.

SEINet: Gallatin Range, MT above 2800 m. Accessed: August 31, 2023.

SEINet: Glacier National Park, MT above 2000 m. Accessed: September 4, 2023.

SEINet: Madison Range, MT above 3048 m. Accessed: August 31, 2023.

SEINet: Mission Range, MT above 1900 m. Accessed: September 4, 2023.

SEINet: Pioneer Mountains, MT above 2800 m. Accessed: August 31, 2023.

SEINet: Scapegoat Plateau, MT above 2000 m. Accessed: September 4, 2023.

SEINet: Snowcrest Range, MT above 2800 m. Accessed: January 14, 2024.

SEINet: Snowy Mountains, MT above 2500 m. Accessed August 31, 2023.

SEINet: Tendoy Range, MT above 2700 m. Accessed: January 14, 2024.

SEINet: Tobacco Root Mountain, MT above 2800 m. Accessed: August 31, 2023.

Nevada

Bell, Katherine L., and Richard E. Johnson. “ALPINE FLORA OF THE WASSUK RANGE, MINERAL COUNTY, NEVADA.” Madroño, vol. 27, no. 1, 1980, pp. 25–35. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41426120. (Wassuk range only)

Lavin, M., & Wojciechowski, M. F. (2002, June). Vascular flora of the Sweetwater Mountains of California and Nevada. California Native Plant Society, Bristlecone Chapter. https://bristleconecnps.org/native_plants/checklists/SweetwatersChecklistJun2002.pdf

SEINet: East Humboldt Range, NV above 10,500 ft. Accessed: August 14, 2023.

SEINet: Schell Creek Range, NV above 10,000 ft. Accessed: August 14, 2023.

SEINet: Snake Range, NV above 10,000 ft. Accessed: August 14, 2023.

SEINet: Ruby Range, NV above 9,000 ft. Accessed: August 28, 2023.

SEINet: Spring Mountains (Mt. Charleston), NV above 11,000 ft. Accessed: August, 28, 2023.

SEINet: Toiyabe Range, NV above 9,000 ft. Accessed: February 7, 2023.

SEINet: Toquima Range, NV above 10,000 ft. Accessed: August 14, 2023.

SEINet: Wassuk Range, NV above 10,500 ft. Accessed: August 14, 2023.

SEINet: White Mountains, NV 3400-5000 m. Accessed: August 15, 2023.

Newfoundland

Annotated List of NL plants by Susan Meades/Synthesized by Todd Boland

New Hampshire

Peters, Matthew. (2023). Alpine Plant Species of New England, USA. Unpublished database. Accessed December 22, 2023.

Peters, Matthew. Consulting Ecologist and Botanist. Personal Communication. 2024, May 22.

Slack, Nancy G. and Allison W. Bell. (2014). Field Guide to the New England Alpine Summits: Mountaintop Flora And Fauna In Maine, New Hampshire, And Vermont. Appalachian Mountain Club Books.

Sperduto, Daniel D., Nichols, William F., and Michael T. Jones. (2023). Non-native vascular flora of alpine areas in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 55:1.

Sperduto, Daniel. Alpine Species of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, USA. Unpublished list, compiled in 2017.

New Mexico

Alexander, Cecelia E., Botanist, Bureau of Land Management, New Mexico. Personal Communication. 2023, Feb. 2. 

Allred, Kelly W. & Jercinovic Eugene M. Flora Neomexicana IIIa: Field Keys. 2020, Jul. 11. 

Fowler et al. (2014). Vascular plant flora of the alpine zone in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. November 2014. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 8(2):611-636.

Galeano-Popp, Renee (Volunteer) & Salvador, Cristina (Director of Science and Conservation), Santa Fe Botanical Garden Herbarium. Personal Communication. 2024, Jun. 4.

Marx, Hannah, Kleinhopf, Joseph, and Faust, Harpo. (2025). New Mexico’s Alpine Plants. Unpublished List. University of New Mexico and Cornell University.  

Licher, Max, Associate Curator, Northern Arizona University. Personal Communication regarding Cyperaceae and Juncaceae in New Mexico’s alpine. 2025, Apr. 2. 

North American Alpine Areas Map. (2024). Unpublished taxa list. North American Botanic Garden Strategy for Alpine Plant Conservation. Accessed: 2024, October 2. 

SEINet: Sierra Blanca, New Mexico above 3400 m. Accessed: 2023, Jan. 26.

New York 

CNH Portal Natural History Collections and Observation Projects List: New York above 1067 m (3500 ft). Accessed March 13, 2024.

Ellison, A. M., Gotelli, N. J., Farnsworth, E. J., & Alpert, G. D. (2012). A field guide to the plants of New England. Yale University Press.

New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Open alpine community. Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/open-alpine-community/. Accessed March 13, 2024.

Robinson, Sean C., Ketchledge, Edwin H., Fitzgeradl, Brian T., Raynal, Dudley J., and Kimmerer, Robin W. (2010). A 23-year assessment of vegetation composition and change in the Adirondack, alpine zone, New York State. Rhodora, Oct-Dec, 2010, Vol. 112, No. 952, pp. 355-377.

Northwest Territories

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine.

S.G. Aiken, M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, C.L. McJannet, R.L. Boles, G.W. Argus, J.M. Gillett, P.J. Scott, R. Elven, M.C. LeBlanc, L.J. Gillespie, A.K. Brysting, H. Solstad, and J.G. Harris. (2007). Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Museum of Nature. 
https://nature.ca/aaflora/data/index.htm. Accessed Feb. 20, 2025.

Nunavut

Aiken, S.G. and M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, C.L. McJannet, R.L. Boles, G.W. Argus, J.M. Gillett, P.J. Scott, R. Elven, M.C. LeBlanc, L.J. Gillespie, A.K. Brysting, H. Solstad, and J.G. Harris. (2007). Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Museum of Nature. 
https://nature.ca/aaflora/data/index.htm. Accessed Feb. 20, 2025. 

Saarela JM, Sokoloff PC, Bull RD. 2017. Vascular plant biodiversity of the lower Coppermine River valley and vicinity (Nunavut, Canada): an annotated checklist of an Arctic flora. PeerJ 5:e2835 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2835 

Oregon

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine.

Quebec

Bailey, S. W., Hoy, J., & Cogbill, C. V. (2015). Vascular flora and geoecology of Mont de la Table, Gaspésie, Québec. Rhodora, 117(969), 1-40.

Peters, Matt. (2018). Exploring the Eastern Alpine: Botanical inventory in Uapishka (Les Monts Groulx), Quebec. 2018 Les Mehrhoff Botanical Research Fund Final Report.

S.G. Aiken, M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, C.L. McJannet, R.L. Boles, G.W. Argus, J.M. Gillett, P.J. Scott, R. Elven, M.C. LeBlanc, L.J. Gillespie, A.K. Brysting, H. Solstad, and J.G. Harris. (2007). Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Museum of Nature. 
https://nature.ca/aaflora/data/index.htm. Accessed Feb. 20, 2025.

Utah

Fowler et al. (2014). Vascular plant flora of the alpine zone in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. November 2014. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 8(2):611-636.

Ramsey, R. Douglas, and Neil E. West. “Vegetation of Utah.” Rangeland Resources of Utah (2009): 49-94. Accessed Aug 15 2023

SEINet: Deep Creek Mountains, UT above 3000 m. Accessed: August 15, 2023.

SEINet: Henry Mountains, UT above 3352 m. Accessed: February 8, 2024.

SEINet: La Sal Mountains, UT above 3474 m. Accessed: August 15, 2023.

SEINet: Tushar Range, UT above 3400 m. Accessed: August 15, 2023.

SEINet: Uinta Mountains, UT above 3400 m. Accessed: August 15, 2023.

SEINet: Wasatch Mountains, UT above 3200 m. Accessed: August 15, 2023.

U.S. Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/Rare_Plants/conservation/success/LaSals_studies.shtml accessed Aug 15, 2023

Vermont

Peters, Matthew. (2023). Alpine Plant Species of New England, USA. Unpublished database. Accessed December 22, 2023.

Peters, Matthew. Consulting Ecologist and Botanist. Personal Communication. 2024, May 22.

Slack, Nancy G. and Allison W. Bell. (2014). Field Guide to the New England Alpine Summits: Mountaintop Flora And Fauna In Maine, New Hampshire, And Vermont. Appalachian Mountain Club Books.

Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department. (2025). Alpine Peatland. 
https://vtfishandwildlife.com/conserve/conservation-planning/natural-community-fact-sheets/alpine-peatland. Accessed January 24, 2025. 

Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department.  (2025). Alpine Meadow. https://vtfishandwildlife.com/conserve/conservation-planning/natural-community-fact-sheets/alpine-meadow. Accessed January 24, 2025. 

Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department. (2025). Alpine Plant Believed Locally Extinct in Vermont Since 1908 Rediscovered. https://vtfishandwildlife.com/press-releases/alpine-plant-believed-locally-extinct-vermont-1908-rediscovered. Accessed January 24, 2025. 

Zika, Peter. (1993). Historical Species Loss in the Alpine Zone of Camels Hump, Vermont. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120(1): pp. 73-75. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2996666?seq=1

Washington

Giblin, David. University of Washington Herbarium; 50 Peaks Project https://50peaks-wa.weebly.com/

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine. (IN PROGRESS)

Wyoming

Fertig, Walter. Collections Manager, Marion Ownbey Herbarium, Washington. Alpine Plants of Wyoming. Unpublished list (2024). Accessed: February 22, 2024.

Fowler et al. (2014). Vascular plant flora of the alpine zone in the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. November 2014. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 8(2):611-636.

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine. (IN PROGRESS)

SEINet: Absaroka Mountains above 3000 m. Accessed: February 10, 2023.

SEINet: Beartooth Mountains, WY above 3000 m. Accessed: February 10, 2023.

SEINet: Bighorns above 3000 m. Accessed: February 10, 2023.

SEINet: Salt River Range above 3200 m; both vouchers and observations. Accessed: February 10, 2023.

SEINet: Teton Range above 3000 m. Accessed: February 10, 2023.

SEINet: Wind River Range, WY above 3200 m. Accessed: February 10, 2023.

SEINet: Wyoming/Salt Creek range above 2300 m; both vouchers and observations. Accessed: February 10, 2023.

Yukon

MacKinnon, Andy and Jim Pojar. (2013). Alpine Plants of the Northwest: Wyoming to Alaska. Lone Pine.

Greenland

Böcher, Tyge W. (n.d.). Flora and Vegetation of Greenland. Encyclopedia Arctica. Vol_VI-0238. Dartmouth College Library. https://collections.dartmouth.edu/arctica-beta/html/EA06-07.html

Mexico

Beaman, J.H. and Andresen, J.W. The Vegetation and Phytogeography of the Summit of Cerro Potosi, Mexico. The American Midland Naturalist. 1966, 75(1). 1-33. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2423480

McDonald, J.A. The Alpine-Subalpine Flora of Northeastern Mexico. SIDA, Contributions to Botany. (June 1990). 14(1), 21-28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41966845

Steinmann, V.W,; Arredondo-Amezcua, L; Hernández-Cárdenas, R.A.; and Ramírez-Amezcua, Y. Diversity and Origin of the Central Mexican Alpine Flora. Diversity 2021, 13, 31. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/1/31